The Republic of Cyprus: Independence, Conflict, and Division

On August 16, 1960, Cyprus officially became an independent republic, ending centuries of foreign rule. However, the dream of a unified and peaceful nation was quickly challenged. Internal divisions, political tension, and the involvement of foreign powers created a turbulent environment. The period between independence and 1974 is one of the most chaotic chapters in Cypriot history.

Birth of the Republic

The Republic of Cyprus was established under the Zurich-London Agreements, signed by Britain, Greece, and Turkey. The constitution created a power-sharing government between Greek Cypriots (approximately 80% of the population) and Turkish Cypriots (around 18%).

Archbishop Makarios III became the first president, while Dr. Fazıl Küçük served as vice president. Both communities had guaranteed representation in government, civil service, and the armed forces. The vice president was given veto powers on major decisions.

However, the constitution, designed to maintain balance, proved too rigid and fragile in practice.

Growing Tensions

Almost immediately, the complex arrangements led to friction. By 1963, constitutional deadlock and disputes over taxation, representation, and security led to violence between Greek and Turkish Cypriots. That year, Makarios proposed constitutional amendments that were rejected by the Turkish side.

Intercommunal violence broke out in December 1963, known as “Bloody Christmas.” This resulted in the deaths of hundreds and the displacement of thousands—mainly Turkish Cypriots, who withdrew into enclaves.

The United Nations deployed UNFICYP peacekeeping forces in 1964, which remain on the island to this day.

Rising Nationalism and Foreign Involvement

Greek Cypriot calls for Enosis (union with Greece) continued, while Turkish Cypriots increasingly supported Taksim (partition). Both Greece and Turkey became more involved, supporting rival militias and influencing Cypriot politics.

During this time, the island witnessed several coups and plots. Tensions escalated, leading to a breaking point in 1974.

The 1974 Coup and Turkish Intervention

On 15 July 1974, the Greek military junta backed a coup against President Makarios, installing Nikos Sampson, a known pro-Enosis hardliner. The aim was to unite Cyprus with Greece.

In response, Turkey launched a military intervention on 20 July 1974, citing its rights as a guarantor power. Turkish forces landed in the north and, after weeks of fighting, controlled roughly 37% of the island. Over 200,000 people were displaced, and the island was effectively split in two—a division that remains today.

The Aftermath of Division

The aftermath of the events in 1974 left a deep scar on the island. Families were separated, and communities were divided. The cultural and social fabric of Cyprus was irrevocably altered.

The Impact on Cypriot Society

The division of Cyprus has had lasting effects on its society. The Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC) was declared in 1983, but it is only recognized by Turkey. The southern part of the island continues to operate as the Republic of Cyprus, a member of the European Union since 2004.

Efforts Towards Reconciliation

In recent years, there have been numerous attempts to reconcile the two sides. Peace talks have taken place, aiming to find a solution to the division. However, political differences and historical grievances continue to pose challenges.

The Role of International Community

The international community has played a significant role in the peace process. Various organisations, including the United Nations, have facilitated dialogue between the two communities. Despite these efforts, a lasting solution remains elusive.

Conclusion

The first 14 years of independence were marked by optimism but ultimately defined by ethnic division and foreign interference. The events of 1974 created a political and geographic rift that continues to shape Cyprus’s modern story. The legacy of conflict still lingers, affecting the lives of Cypriots today.

The journey towards unity is ongoing, and the hope for a peaceful resolution remains alive. Understanding this complex history is crucial for anyone interested in the future of Cyprus.