Discover the history of Cyprus Part 8: - Ottoman Rule in Cyprus (1571–1878) – A New Empire, A Changing Society

Ottoman Cyprus – Empire, Faith, and Coexistence

When the Ottoman Empire captured Cyprus in 1571, the island transitioned from Venetian stronghold to Muslim imperial territory. This marked the longest continuous period of foreign rule in Cypriot history, spanning more than three centuries. Ottoman governance reshaped land ownership, religious life, and the ethnic makeup of the island.

The Ottoman Conquest

The fall of Famagusta in 1571 signaled the official start of Ottoman rule. The Ottomans expelled many Venetians and Latin clergy, and replaced Catholic institutions with Islamic ones. Mosques, baths (hamams), and markets were established, often by converting existing churches and infrastructure.

Thousands of Turkish settlers arrived, particularly from Anatolia, and a distinct Turkish Cypriot community began to emerge. Greek Cypriots, previously under Latin Catholic rule, now found a degree of autonomy under the millet system, which granted religious communities limited self-governance.

Religious and Social Life

Orthodox Christianity regained its status as the dominant faith among Greek Cypriots. The Archbishop of Cyprus became both the spiritual and political leader of the Orthodox community, acting as an intermediary between the people and the Ottoman authorities.

Islam became increasingly visible through architecture—minarets rising beside former churches—and in public life. The island became religiously and culturally diverse, with Muslim and Christian communities coexisting, though not always harmoniously.

Administration and Economy

Cyprus was administered as an eyalet (province) of the Ottoman Empire. Over time, governance became corrupt and inefficient, particularly in the 18th century, leading to economic decline and social unrest.

Heavy taxation and feudal practices put strain on the peasant population, contributing to multiple revolts.

Despite these challenges, Ottoman Cyprus produced fine examples of Islamic architecture, such as the Büyük Han (Great Inn) in Nicosia and numerous caravanserais that served traders and travelers across the island.

Decline and British Involvement

By the 19th century, the Ottoman Empire was in decline. A series of reforms (Tanzimat) aimed at modernising administration reached Cyprus but had limited effect. In 1878, following the Russo-Turkish War, the Ottomans agreed to lease Cyprus to Britain in exchange for military support—ending centuries of Ottoman rule and beginning a new colonial chapter.

Conclusion

The Ottoman era deeply shaped Cyprus’s demographics, architecture, and religious landscape. It introduced Islam to the island, created a Turkish-speaking community, and left enduring marks on its urban and cultural identity.

Next up in the series:👉 British Rule (1878–1960 BC)