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The Age of Copper and Bronze Cyprus's strategic location in the Eastern Mediterranean made it a vital crossroads of ancient civilizations. After its earliest prehistoric period, the island entered a transformative era marked by technological advances, trade, and cultural exchange—ushering in the Chalcolithic (Copper Age) and Bronze Age. The Chalcolithic Period (c. 3900–2500 BCE) The transition from stone to metal began around 3900 BCE, as Cypriots started using copper for tools and ornaments alongside stone. This era saw increased village life, more complex dwellings, and a rise in symbolic art, especially figurines. One of the most iconic finds is the "limbless cruciform figurine" , possibly representing fertility worship. Communities were still small but self-sufficient, and archaeological finds show a society deeply tied to its land, animals, and early mining efforts. The Bronze Age (c. 2500–1050 BCE) This was a period of great change. Cyprus's rich copper deposits gave it immense importance. The island became a hub for maritime trade, exporting copper ingots shaped like oxhides to regions as far as Mesopotamia and Egypt. Early Bronze Age (c. 2500–1900 BCE):  Small fortified settlements appeared, and metallurgy became more sophisticated. Middle Bronze Age (c. 1900–1650 BCE):  Social organization developed further, with evidence of communal granaries and possible religious structures. Late Bronze Age (c. 1650–1050 BCE):  Cyprus blossomed into a flourishing trade center. Rich cities like Enkomi and Hala Sultan Tekke emerged, showcasing palatial architecture, writing systems (such as Cypro-Minoan script), and a cosmopolitan culture. The island was home to local elites and likely influenced by Mycenaeans, Hittites, and Egyptians. By the end of this era, Greek-speaking settlers began to arrive, setting the stage for the next cultural shift. Legacy The Bronze Age left Cyprus with a strong identity as a metallurgical and trade power. Archaeological treasures from this era fill museums today, revealing a society that balanced tradition with innovation and was deeply connected to the ancient world. Next up in the series: 👉 The Classical and Hellenistic Periods (480–30 BC)

🏺 Prehistoric Cyprus: The Island’s Earliest Inhabitants Introduction. Long before castles, empires, and religious monuments, Cyprus was already home to humans. The island’s rich and fascinating prehistory stretches back to the 9th millennium BCE , placing it among the earliest inhabited regions in the Eastern Mediterranean. This article explores how the first settlers arrived, how they lived, and what traces of their world still remain. 🌍 The First Settlers: Cyprus in the Neolithic Age Archaeological evidence suggests humans first settled in Cyprus around 8800 BCE , during the Aceramic Neolithic period  (before the invention of pottery). The most famous site from this time is Khirokitia (Choirokoitia) , a UNESCO World Heritage Site located in the Larnaca District. Highlights of Neolithic Cyprus: Circular stone houses with flat roofs Domestication of goats, sheep, and pigs Cultivation of wheat and barley Use of stone tools and woven baskets The settlers lived in tightly packed villages, reflecting early forms of organised society. Burial customs, often involving interment beneath the floors of homes, reveal complex spiritual beliefs and social structures. 🛠️ The Chalcolithic Era: Copper and Creativity Around 3900 BCE , the Chalcolithic (Copper-Stone) Age emerged. This period saw the introduction of copper tools , although stone remained dominant. It also marked the first known use of figurines  and ritual objects , such as fertility goddesses crafted from stone and clay. Key site: Lemba (near Paphos)  – known for its symbolic female figurines and early metallurgy. 🪙 The Early Bronze Age: Trade and Transformation By 2500 BCE , Cyprus entered the Bronze Age , thanks to its abundant copper resources  (the island’s name may derive from the Latin “Cuprum” for copper). Early settlements became more permanent, and the island began trading with Egypt, the Levant, and Anatolia . Key developments: Advanced metallurgy techniques First evidence of writing (in pictographic and syllabic scripts) Burial in chamber tombs, often with rich grave goods 🧭 Why Prehistoric Cyprus Matters Studying prehistoric Cyprus reveals: A bridge between Europe and Asia  in ancient times One of the first societies to use metal tools How early humans adapted to island environments Today, visitors can explore sites like Khirokitia  and the Cyprus Museum in Nicosia , which houses many Neolithic and Chalcolithic finds. 🧱 Did You Know? The domed, stone homes  of Khirokitia were built without mortar. Cyprus is one of the oldest continuously inhabited islands  in the world. The Neolithic Cypriots domesticated cats  over 9,000 years ago—before the ancient Egyptians! Next up in the series: 👉 Bronze Age Cyprus: Birth of Urban Civilisation

If you're visiting or relocating to Northern Cyprus, one of the first practical questions you'll ask is: Where should I exchange my money for the best rate? Here’s everything you need to know to make sure you’re getting good value on currency exchange . 💱 What Currency Is Used in Northern Cyprus? The official currency is the Turkish Lira (TRY) .However, euros, pounds, and US dollars  are widely accepted in tourist areas, property markets, and by many businesses. Still, for day-to-day purchases , it's best to use Turkish Lira —and to get it from a reliable source . 💳 Should You Use ATMs? Yes—but with caution. Pros: Convenient, 24/7 access Some banks offer fair exchange rates Cons: Foreign cards often incur fees You may get a less favorable rate  than at an exchange office Some ATMs in touristy areas add sneaky "commission fees" or give the worst rates Tip:  If using an ATM, choose one connected to a major Turkish bank , like: İşbank Ziraat Bank Garanti BBVA Türkiye Finans 🏦 Best Places to Exchange Currency 💠 Currency Exchange Offices (Döviz Bürosu) These are your best option for cash exchange. Look for: Clear rate boards displayed outside No commission  policies (ask first!) Competitive daily rates close to market average Highly rated ones in Kyrenia, Nicosia, and Famagusta: Universal Exchange Office (Kyrenia) Cankan Döviz (Lefkoşa) Afroditi Exchange (Famagusta) 💠 Local Banks You can also exchange currency at banks, but: Rates are less favorable Lines may be longer Not all branches do walk-in exchanges ❌ Avoid These Mistakes Airport exchange desks : Rates are notoriously poor Shops or restaurants offering currency exchange : Always worse than bureaus Black market offers : Unregulated, risky, and unnecessary 📲 Pro Tip: Use Exchange Rate Apps Check rates before you go using: XE Currency Wise Google Or check live Turkish Lira exchange rates on whatsonintrnc.com ✅ Final Thoughts For the best value , exchange your money at local döviz offices  in the city or town you're staying.Avoid airport kiosks and unverified street offers, and you’ll keep more lira in your wallet.

Whats On In TRNC Sightseeing - Acendu Fountain, Arsenal Bastion, Bandabulya, Bedesten, Buffavento Castle, Chain Tower, Gamblers Inn, Gecitkoy Dam, Iskele Museum, Kantara Castle, Karmi, Kyrenia Castle & Harbour, Kyrenia Gate, Lapiday Museum, Minia Cyprus Museum, Namik Kemal Dungeon, Othellos Tower, Porta Del Mare Gate, Salimis, Soli, St Hilarion Castle, The Great Inn, Royal Tombs, Varosha, Venetion Column, Venetian Palce, Vouni Palace. Sightseeing Northern Cyprus offers a diverse range of sightseeing opportunities, blending history, natural beauty, and vibrant culture. Whether you are fascinated by ancient ruins, scenic landscapes, or charming coastal towns, this region has something for every traveler. With its mix of cultural heritage, stunning landscapes, and relaxed Mediterranean atmosphere, Northern Cyprus provides an unforgettable sightseeing experience. Whether you prefer history, adventure, or simply soaking in coastal views, this region is full of hidden gems waiting to be discovered. (Click on any image for information, map & directions) Acendu Fountain Alsancak Archaeology Museum Ayias Trias Basilica Bedesten Boğaz (Karpaz) Büyükkonuk Village Chain Tower Efendi Fountain Famagusta George VI Monument Güzelyurt Hz. Omer Tomb Kantara Castle Karşıyaka Lala Mustafa Pasha Lefke Aqueduct Minia Cyprus Museum Nicosia Panagia Chrysopolitissa Piri Mehmet Pasha Mosque Rivettina Bastion Shaykh Nazim's Dergah St Andrews Church St George of the Greeks St Mary Church The Blue House The Twin Churches Venetian Palace Zeytinlik Agha Cafer Pasha Antiphonitis Monastery Arsenal Bastion Bahçeli Bellapais Buffavento Castle Cafer Pasha Hammam Cumbez Tree Efendi Water Cistern Flora & Fauna Geçitköy Dam Güzelyurt Museum Incirli Cave Karaoğlanoğlu Memorial Kyrenia Lapidary Museum Malatya Waterfall Monumental Olive Trees Nicosia Venetian Walls Panayia Pergamininiotissa Porta Del Mare Gate Round Tower Sinan Pasha Mosque St Anne Church St George of the Latins St Nikolas Church The New Mosque Turunçlu Mosque Vouni Palace Agios Sozomenos Apostolos Andreas Ayia Philon Church Baldoken Graveyard Bellapais Abbey Büyük Hamam Catalköy Cyprus Car Museum Enkomi Village Gambler's Inn Gidilecek Son Nokta Haydar Pasha Mosque Iplik Bazaar Mosque Karmi Village Kyrenia Castle & Harbour Lapta Martinengo Bastion Museum of Modern Arts Othello's Tower Peace & Freedom Museum Railways of North Cyprus Salamis Ruins Soli Ruins St Barnabas Monastery St Hilarion Castle St Simeon Church The Noble Peasant Varosha Ghost Town Vounous Cemetery Alagadi Turtle Beach Arapahmet Mosque Ayia Zone Church Bandabulya Besparmak Mountains Büyük Han Cengiz Topel Monument Dervis Pasha Mansion Esentepe Ganchvor Monastery Greco-Roman Rock Tombs Historical Tank Iskele Karpaz National Park Kyrenia Gate Lefke Mevlevi Tekki Museum Namik Kemal Dungeon Ozanköy Petra tou Limnidi Reptiles & Snakes Selimiye Mosque Sourp Magar Monastery St Francis Church St Mamas Monastery Tatlisu The Royal Tombs Venetian Column Wild Donkeys

< Back Previous Next Vounous Cemetery 🗿 History & Excavations Looting & rescue digs (1931–32): Local police seized looted Red‑Polished pottery sold in Kyrenia, prompting initial excavations by Porphyrios Dikaios (Cyprus Museum), who unearthed around 48 graves. Further excavations (1933, 1937–38): Claude Schaeffer of the French National Museum and James R. Stewart (British School at Athens) continued the work, uncovering tombs up to around 164. 🪦 Roman Rock‑Cut Tombs The cemetery features rock‑cut chamber tombs mostly used by families over generations. Some chambers held up to nine bodies, often displaced to make room for new burials . 🎁 Grave Goods & Material Culture Rich offerings were placed with the deceased, including Red‑Polished pottery (bowls, jugs), terracotta models (houses, sanctuaries), stone and bronze tools, bronze jewelry, spindles, and occasional glass beads. Red‑Polished ware—with burnished shiny red surfaces—dates from ca. 2500–2000 BC, and many such vessels were recorded by James and Eleanor Stewart. Terracotta models found in several tombs depict detailed communal and ritual scenes, including: Tomb 22: a circular enclosure with figurines, cattle, a central “throne” figure, kneeling worshippers, snakes, and oxen—interpreted variously as symbols of fertility, ancestor cult, village life, or emerging elite authority. The famous “Vounous Bowl” interior showed detailed plastic scenes of daily or ritual life. 🏛️ Museum Collections & Public Display Many finds from Vounous are in major institutions: Cyprus Museum, British Museum, Louvre, Australian Museum, as well as regional museums (e.g., Liverpool). Some significant bowls (like those from tomb 143, 2200–2000 BC) illustrate burial rituals and prestige customs. 🧑🔬 Experimental Archaeology & Preservation Since 2017, Çatalköy‑Esentepe Municipality has held annual Vounous Terracotta Symposia right next to the site: These workshops bring together artists and archaeologists globally to re-create Bronze Age pottery using local clays, traditional kilns, and ancient firing techniques. The aim is to preserve, protect, and revive Vounous as a living open‑air museum and educational resource—hosting over 60–80 participants and public engagement each year . 🔍 Why It Matters Cultural significance: Offers rare insight into ritual, social organization, and symbolism during the Early–Middle Bronze Age in Cyprus. Material artistry: Demonstrates advanced ceramic craftsmanship with finely burnished finishes and narrative plastic elements. Heritage efforts: Active reconstruction and community-focused heritage protection aim to safeguard this 5,000‑year‑old legacy. ✨ Visiting & Further Reading Visiting: Though not yet a formal museum, the necropolis site sees displays of reconstructed pieces and educational visits, notably during symposiums. For more info, contact Çatalköy Municipality or the EXARC group.

< Back Previous Next Transportation As an island in the Mediterranean, travel to Northern Cyprus is mainly air, although transportation from Türkiye by sea is also an option. Once you’re here there’s a number of transportation options to choose from. Air Travel Ercan Airport (ECN), located near the capital Lefkoşa, serves over 4m passengers a year. Turkish Airlines, Anadolu Jet and Pegasus Airlines are the main carriers. Charter flight carriers include Freebird, Tailwind and Corendon Airlines. A major extension of the runway as well as construction of an eco-friendly new terminal opened on 20 July 2023. The size of the new terminal building, described as the TRNC’s “window to the world”, is 20,000 square meters, sitting on grounds that measure some 7.8 million sq meters – six times the airport’s old size. The terminal parking area is 34,000 sq meters and its new main runway will be 2,755 meters long, in keeping with international standards for commercial aircraft. The airport apron has room for 30 parked aircraft, 9 of which have passenger boarding bridges. Inside the new terminal building, there are 60 check-in desks and 44 passport control points. Security has been enhanced with 26 modern x-ray devices and a baggage screening and handling capacity of 5,000 per hour. The new larger space and improved facilities mean the airport’s passenger traffic can grow to 10 million passengers a year. Most travellers currently come from Turkiye, but tourism to the TRNC from Europe, Central Asia, Africa and the Middle East continues to rise. Ercan Airport is located 14 kilometres from Lefkoşa, 40 km from Famagusta and 44 km from Kyrenia. Ease of access to Ercan and its direct links to global travel hub Istanbul Airport, has made it an increasingly popular choice for residents living in South Cyprus too. Shuttle Service Services to and from Ercan Airport to five major towns, Kyrenia, Nicosia, Famagusta, Güzelyurt and Lefke are organised around inbound and outbound flight times, offering visitors a consistent and economic means of transport. Many Tour Operators also offer transfers and door to door services for visitors booked through them. Car Rental Global and local vehicle hire operators are stationed throughout the island, with those running at Ercan offering pick up and drop at the airport. Car hire prices differ, based on season, brand, passenger capacity and length of hire. Visitors intending to explore the island are well advised to arrange car hire to make the most of their experience. Taxis Renowned for only driving luxury vehicle models, vacant taxi drivers are almost always stationed at their bays and not likely to be stopped roadside. All hotels will have a designated taxi partner readily on call, and in most town centres travellers will pass by a near taxi bay. Taxis are metered and charge per kilometre distance travelled, although rates do change between daytime and night. When travelling between towns, on mid to long distance journeys, most drivers will be able to quote a fixed price beforehand, and if you really wnat to get local, try bargaining the fee before you get in. Public Transport Not the most advanced service or infrastructure, small minibuses also known as “Dolmuş” (dol-moush) pick up passengers’ roadside and transport over short distances, connecting main towns to villages. Very frequent in most towns as well as cheap, there's often no regulated schedule nor do they stray off any main roads, an important consideration when planning for your visit. Sea Travel If you're considering crossing the Mediterranean by sea, daily ferry services operate from Famagusta and Kyrenia to Mersin province in the southern coast of Türkiye and final plans are under way for services connecting Alanya near to Antalya, with North Cyprus. Depending on the type of ferry available, the shortest duration from Kyrenia to Mersin Taşucu is 2.5 hours. Driving Regulations Traffic in North Cyprus uses the left-hand side of the road and driving regulations are similar to that of the United Kingdom. Short-term visitors and tourists can drive non-commercial vehicles using most global driving licences, including EU and UK. Pedestrians Pedestrians are reminded that traffic moves on the left side of the road and are advised to look both right and left carefully before crossing any road. If pavements aren't available, you should walk on the right side, towards any oncoming traffic. Useful Numbers Ercan Airport +90 392 231 4611 Larnaca Airport +357 25 123022 Paphos Airport +357 25 123022